APPSC Group 1 Mains 2011-Science and Technology

(i) Pyrolysis Introduction: Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. This process breaks down complex organic molecules into simpler, more volatile compounds and a solid residue (char). Unlike combustion (burning), which requires oxygen, pyrolysis is an anaerobic process. It’s a fundamental process used in various industrial … Read more

(ii) Wildlife Sanctuaries: Introduction: Wildlife sanctuaries are protected areas established by governments to conserve wildlife and their habitats. Unlike national parks, sanctuaries allow for some regulated human activities alongside conservation efforts. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categorizes protected areas, and sanctuaries fall under various categories depending on their management objectives. The effectiveness … Read more

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR): A Deep Dive Introduction: The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), located in New Delhi, India, is a premier institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Its primary mandate is the conservation and sustainable utilization of India’s vast plant genetic resources (PGR). These resources, … Read more

Narrating Various Types and Characteristics of Solid Waste Introduction: Solid waste, also known as municipal solid waste (MSW), encompasses all discarded materials generated from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. It’s a significant environmental challenge globally, contributing to pollution, resource depletion, and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the World Bank, global MSW generation is projected … Read more

Major Threats to Biodiversity and its Different Types Introduction: Biodiversity, encompassing the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, is crucial for human well-being and planetary health. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), a landmark scientific appraisal, highlighted the vital role of biodiversity in providing ecosystem services like clean water, … Read more

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The Impact of Urbanisation on Biodiversity: A Narrative Introduction: Urbanisation, the increasing concentration of human populations in urban areas, is a defining characteristic of the 21st century. Globally, the proportion of the human population living in urban areas has risen dramatically, from 30% in 1950 to over 56% in 2023, and is projected to reach … Read more

What is an Ecosystem? Explaining the Food Chain System within Ecosystems Introduction: An ecosystem is a complex, interconnected network of living organisms (biotic factors) and their non-living environment (abiotic factors) interacting as a functional unit. This interaction involves the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients, creating a dynamic and self-regulating system. The concept … Read more

What are Mineral Resources and How are They Formed? Introduction: Mineral resources are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. They are essential to modern society, forming the backbone of numerous industries, from construction and manufacturing to electronics and medicine. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines mineral resources … Read more

The Basis and Justification for Crop and Cropping Pattern Suitability Introduction: The selection of appropriate crops and cropping patterns is crucial for successful and sustainable agriculture. It’s a complex decision influenced by a multitude of interacting factors, impacting not only yield and profitability but also environmental sustainability and food security. The Food and Agriculture Organization … Read more