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Introduction: Immunization is the process of making a person or animal immune to an infectious disease, typically by administering a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s immune system to produce immunity against particular diseases, protecting individuals from infection or reducing the severity of illness if infection does occur. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that vaccines … Read more

Preventive Measures to Avoid Common Infections Introduction: Common infections, caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, pose a significant threat to global health. These infections, ranging from the common cold and influenza to more serious conditions like pneumonia and tuberculosis, contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights the importance … Read more

A Brief Note on Malaria: Aetiology, Transmission, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention Introduction: Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were an estimated 247 million cases of malaria in 2021, resulting in an estimated 619,000 deaths. The disease … Read more

Chikungunya: Cause, Prevention, Treatment, and Comparison with Dengue Introduction: Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted primarily to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These are the same mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever and Zika virus. The virus, an alphavirus belonging to the family Togaviridae, was first identified … Read more

Explaining Different Patterns of Disease Outbreaks: Epidemics vs. Endemics Introduction: Disease outbreaks follow various patterns, dictated by factors like pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and public health interventions. Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective disease surveillance, prevention, and control. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an epidemic as “the occurrence in a community … Read more

What is DNA Fingerprinting? Introduction: DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation. It’s based on the principle that every individual’s DNA is unique (except for identical twins), containing a specific pattern of repeating DNA sequences called … Read more

Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Approach to Agriculture Introduction: The global demand for food is continuously increasing, placing immense pressure on agricultural practices. Conventional farming methods, heavily reliant on chemical fertilizers, have raised concerns about environmental degradation, soil health deterioration, and human health risks. Biofertilizers, on the other hand, offer a sustainable alternative by utilizing microorganisms to … Read more

Golden Rice: A Biotechnological Approach to Vitamin A Deficiency Introduction: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a significant global health problem, particularly affecting children and pregnant women in developing countries. VAD leads to impaired vision, increased susceptibility to infections, and even death. The World Health Organization estimates that VAD affects millions worldwide, contributing to significant morbidity … Read more

Plant Tissue Culture: Applications in Agriculture Introduction: Plant tissue culture (PTC) is a collection of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient-rich medium. This process, often referred to as micropropagation, exploits the totipotency of plant cells – their ability to develop into a whole plant from a … Read more